CODE SWITCHING ANALYSIS IN CINTA LAURA INTERVIEW WITH VOA
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Language is a tool used in communication
to make interaction with others. As a tool in the communication and
interactions with others which is only had by human beings, language can be
observed internally and externally. Internally, the language is studied based
on the intern elements, such as phonology, morphology, and syntax while
externally; the language is observed based on the factors outside the language
itself, such as the connection with the society as the user of the language
itself. Moreover, the study of external language also observes the use of
several languages in one occasion in certain society.
Chaer ( 1995:112) said that someone mastering
more than one language can be said as bilingual while the ability to use more
than one language is called as bilingualism. As individual involved in two
different languages and cultures, a bilingual cannot be separated from the
effects of using two languages. One of the effects is the overlapping usage
between two different language systems used from one language elements into
other language elements. The mixing of those elements said as code switching.
In
this globalization era, the cultures are dissolved in one society. Code
switching commonly appears in the daily conversation or even in discourse, such
as short stories, articles, novels, etc. The writer also finds a case of code switching
appearing in one interview. This happened when a reporter from VOA interviewed
an actress from Indonesia named Cinta Laura Kiehl. In the interview, Cinta
Laura and the interviewer spoke Bahasa Indonesia and English at the same time. The
writer then fells interested to study on that case because that thing is
interesting to be studied sociolinguistically.
B. PROBLEM
STATEMENTS
1.
What factors do cause the use of code switching
by Cinta Laura in the interview with VOA?
2.
What are the purposes of switching the
codes?
C. OBJECTIVES
1.
To find out what factors cause the use
of code switching by Cinta Laura in the interview with VOA.
2.
To analyze the purposes of switching the
code.
D. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study may be able to be used as an additional
source by those who want deeper their knowledge in sociolinguistics, especially
code switching because this study provides the real usage of code switching in
the society and how sociolinguistic analyzes this kind of phenomenon.
E. METHOD
OF STUDY
This research uses a descriptive qualitative method.
Generally, qualitative method is the method used to analyze the problems which
are not designed or arranged using statistic procedure ( Subroto 2007: 5). It
means that all the data in this research are in the form of sentences and
words, not in the form of numbers. As Wilkinson (2000: 7) stated that the
resulting data is presented in the form of descriptions so, the data in this
research is in the form of descriptions. According to Wilkinson (2000: 79),
qualitative data is usually analyzed by subjecting it to some form of coding
process.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL APPROACH
1.
CODE
The
terminology of code is used to call one variant in language hierarchy, so
beside the code which refers to the language (like English language, Japanese,
Indonesian), the language also refers to the variety of language, like regional
variant ( Bahasa Jawa dialek Banyumas, Jogja-Solo, Surabaya, Banten, etc). Moreover,
the language also includes the variant of social level called as social dialect
and sociolect (Bahasa Jawa halus dan kasar), and the variant of the usage or
register (speech language, praying language, and comedian language). The fact
is the language hierarchy starts from the language, and then the variety of
language, dialect, style, and register.
2. CODE SWITCHING
In case of bilingualism, speaker
sometimes replaces the elements of language or speech level. This depends on
the context and the language situation. For example, when speaker uses X
language with Person A, Person B who does not speak that language comes into
the situation, then she/he switches to use a language understood by the B. This
kind of incident is called as code switching.
According to Apple
(1976:79), code switching is an effect of switching the codes because of the
change of situation. Hymes (1875: 103) stated that code switching happens in
two languages or more.
Nababan
(1991: 31) states that the concept of code switching also includes the event
and the time someone switches from one variety of a language, such as formal
language into informal language or from one dialect into another dialect, or
from the high language into low language, for example kromo inggil (Javanesse
language) into ngoko language, and so forth.
Kridalaksana (1982: 7) asserts that
the use of other variety of language which is used to adjust the role or the
other situation, or because of the participations involving in the situation is
called as code switching.
From different points of view
mentioned above, code switching can be divided into four parts, namely:
a. Type of code switching: language switching, the variety of language switching, and the level of speech.
b. The level of the code switching: the level of phonology, the phoneme level, the level of words or phrases;
c. The nature of the code switching: temporary code switching, or permanent code switching.
d. The factors of the code switching: personality of the speaker, relationship between the speaker’s partner and the speaker him/herself, and the topic or subtopic.
a. Type of code switching: language switching, the variety of language switching, and the level of speech.
b. The level of the code switching: the level of phonology, the phoneme level, the level of words or phrases;
c. The nature of the code switching: temporary code switching, or permanent code switching.
d. The factors of the code switching: personality of the speaker, relationship between the speaker’s partner and the speaker him/herself, and the topic or subtopic.
Suwito
in Nababan (1986) divides code switching into two parts:
1.
Extern code switching
It
happens when the speaker change a language into another language in a
conversation, for example from Bahasa Indonesia into English.
2.
Intern code switching
It
happens when the speaker uses the variety of language, for example: from
Javanese ngoko into Javanese kromo.
Hymes
(1964) states some factors in an interaction that may affect the determination
of the speech meaning, they are:
1. Who and how is the speaker’s personality?
2. Where or when does the conversation take place?
3. What modus is used?
4. What is the topic or subtopic in the conversation?
5. What is the function and purpose of the conversation?
6. What variety of language and speech levels are used?
1. Who and how is the speaker’s personality?
2. Where or when does the conversation take place?
3. What modus is used?
4. What is the topic or subtopic in the conversation?
5. What is the function and purpose of the conversation?
6. What variety of language and speech levels are used?
CHAPTER III
DATA ANALYSIS
As stated in the previous chapter, code
switching can happen in two different languages or more, or even in variety of
languages. In this study, the writer takes the data from Cinta Laura’s
interview with a reporter from VOA on 23 November 2011. During the interview,
Cinta Laura and the reporter switched the codes from Bahasa Indonesia into
English and vice versa.
Language Data
Narrator:
Berakting sudah biasa, bernyanyi juga sudah biasa. Masuk salah satu universitas
ternama di Amerika itu baru luar biasa. (1)
Interviewer:
hai pemirsa VOA sekarang saya berada bersama dengan salah satu idola Indonesia
yang sangat terkenal pastinya dan sekarang lagi hijrah ke Amerika untuk
sekolah, dan sekolahnya gak tanggung-tanggung lhoh….di Colombia University. The one and only Cinta Laura. Hei,
what’s up girl? (2)
Cinta
Laura: hai I’m fine thank you, how are
you? hei semua apa kabar (baca khabar)?
(3)
Interviewer:
so, how is the state riding you?(4)
Cinta
Laura: I love it. I love New York City and
I am…(5)
Interviewer:
of course Colombia University you know…(6)
Cinta
Laura: ya…but the weather is really cold.(7)
Narrator:
cinta memberikan alasan kenapa ia memilih Colombia
University.(8)
Cinta
laura: Colombia itu sekolah paling selektif di dunia habis Harvard. Harvard accepting ratenya 6.2%, kalo Colombia
6.4%. Kalo sekolah-sekolah bagus yang lain-lain kayak princestone, or Stanford
itu semua accepting ratenya 8.9%,
jadi lebih susah masuk Colombia daripada sekolah-sekolah yang tadi aku mention.(9)
Narrator:
bisa masuk ke universitas top pastinya susah ya, gimana caranya sih Cin?(10)
Cinta
Laura: gak Cuma liat grades kita di
sekolah doang, tapi ada essay untuk tunjukin personality kita. Kita harus well
balanced, misalnya we have some
unique ability. Kalo aq di application
aq tulis athlete di sekolah, coz I was in basketball and tracking field
team and then aku juga acting and
singing terus aku juga banyak social
works, karena has a foundation yayasan
sekar sena peduli dan itu aimnya
untuk ride or improve education di
Indonesia.(11)
Narrator:
hidup merantau di negri orang pasti gak gampang apalagi jauh dari orang tua.(12)
Cinta
Laura: aku harus cuci sendiri, jadi aku harus belajar kalo masukin ke dalam washing machine warna apa boleh
bareng-bareng.(13)
Narrator:
bener-bener sudah siap dong melebarkan sayap di negeri paman Sam?(14)
Cinta
Laura: planningnya January ini mau recording di New York, dua single dan
salah satu singlenya mugkin bareng penyanyi international, umm…tapi recently aku juga baru audition buat salah satu film Hollywood.(15)
Narrator:
do you miss Indonesia?(16)
Cinta
Laura: I miss Indonesian gurame, I miss
ayam bakar, I miss ketoprak, and I miss cabe rawit. I miss that a lot. Hey
everyone in Indonesia, I miss you so much. Kerena aku lagi di new York, and
that’s cold, so you guys are lucky karena
di sana anget. I’ll be back summer
depan, dan karena aku gak di situ sekarang, I’d
like to say then untuk yang celebrate
Christmas, merry Christmas dan
buat semua orang happy new year
bentar lagi, two more months and yah,
I’ll try the best to keep you guys updated what we run around here.
Pokoknya GBU all….(17)
Interviewer:
nah itu dia pemirsa bincang-bincang kita dengan Cinta Laura. Ada ojek di sini?
Masih inget dengan kata-katanya?(18)
Cinta
Laura: ya, but that’s not cool.(19)
Interviewer:
oke deh cinta, thanks banget ya (20)
Cinta
Laura: thank you so much, thank you(21)
Interviewer:
dan pemirsa kita akan kembali lagi dengan liputan-liputan yang menarik
berikutnya. Bye-bye.(22)
Data
analysis
A.
Type
of Code Switching
According
to the data above, code switching appearing in that conversation is extern code
switching. Suwito (1985) stated that extern code switching is switching the
codes from one language into another language. The data above shows how the
interviewer and the informant switch the codes from Bahasa Indonesia into
English and vice versa.
B.
Factors
influencing Code switching
Based
on the theory stated by Hymes, code switching can happen because of some
factors.
1. Who
and how is the speaker’s personality?
The informant, Cinta Laura is known as descendant actress.
Her father is from Germany, and her mother is from Indonesia. The biography of
Cinta Laura can be seen below.
Cinta Laura Kiehl is a German-Indonesian actress, singer
and model in Indonesia. Beginning her career in 2007; she has starred in
several TV series, movies and endorsed several local and international brands.
Since the start of her career, she has won several awards for acting and singing, two of which are from the
Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Indonesia. Her first album received a record breaking
13 times platinum from sales in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. While her
career continues to blossom, Kiehl also graduated from the Jakarta
International School with honors and is attending Columbia University New York
for her undergraduate studies. Aside from her professional and academic life,
Kiehl also holds a charity foundation called the Soekarseno Peduli, aimed at
rebuilding dilapidated schools in Bogor, Indonesia. The foundation has
cooperated with several multinational companies and NGO's, aiding more than 4000
children since 2003. Recently, she has been cast in a Hollywood movie called
"The Philosophers", making her debut appearance in an
international movie.
From Cinta Laura’s personality above, it can be known that
she uses two languages to communicate. She uses English because she goes to
school in which the language is spoken. She also firstly lived with her parents
in another country and she may use English in her daily conversation. After she
started her carrier in Indonesia, she learnt Bahasa Indonesia in order to be
able to communicate easier with people in Indonesia.
The interviewer, who automatically knows that Cinta Laura is
not good enough in speaking Bahasa Indonesia, decides to switch the codes to
make the interview run smoothly.
2. Where or when does the conversation take
place?
The conversation takes place in U.S where Cinta Laura is
studying. VOA standing for Voice of America for Indonesia is a program which is
held to give some information of what is happening in America and then share it
to the people in Indonesia. Because Cinta Laura was in America at that time,
VOA then interviewed her in order to get the information from her. From the
place where the interview was running, it gives a reason of why the informant
and the interviewer switch the codes externally. Besides the personality of the
informant, the place of the conversation held also influences the use of code
switching.
3. What
modus is used?
The modus used in
this data is face to face orally.
4. What
is the topic or subtopic in the conversation?
The topic of the
conversation is asking more information from the informant
The subtopic of the
conversation is the information given by the informant
5. What
is the function and purpose of the conversation?
Sentence 1: opening
the program (VOA)
Sentence 2: opening
the interview and asking the condition of the informant
Sentence 3: answering
the question about her condition
Sentence 4: asking
the opinion of New York
Sentence 5, 7:
giving opinion about New York
Sentence 8: asking
the reason of why Cinta Laura Chose Colombia
Sentence 9: giving
the reason of why she chose Colombia
Sentence 10: asking
how Cinta Laura could enter Colombia
Sentence 11: giving
information of how she could enter Colombia
Sentence 12: asking
how she could live without her parents
Sentence 13: giving
information of what she does without her parents
Sentence 14: asking
the plan in America
Sentence 15: giving
information about her plans in America
Sentence 16: asking
what Cinta Laura misses from Indonesia
Sentence 17: giving
information of what she misses from Indonesia and saying hello to people in
Indonesia
Sentence 18: giving
gratitude expression and closing the interview
Sentence 19: showing
familiarity attidude
6. What
variety of language and speech levels are used?
The
interviewer firstly speaks in Bahasa Indonesia then she switches into English.
They both use informal variety of language because the condition is casual.
C. Code Switching Categories
From data analysis above, code switching appears most of time
as seen in sentence 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 3, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21. It can
be seen from some points of view
1. The
type of code switching is external code switching.
2. The
level of code switching is in phoneme, word, phrase and clause level.
Phoneme level:
sentence 3
Word level: sentence
11 and sentence 15
Phrase level:
sentence 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17
Clause level:
sentence 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 19, 21
3. The
nature of code switching is temporary code switching
4. The
factors of conducting code switching
The
interviewer: to build familiarity between the informant and the interviewer
The
informant: personality of the informant herself. She may feel more comfortable
to use English because of her personality, but she also can speak Bahasa
Indonesia. Finally she decides to switch
the codes to adjust the condition. Switching the codes is also important to the
informant because when she feels comfortable in using the languages, the
information needed by the interviewer can be clear and complete.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
From the analysis made in the previous chapter, it can be
drawn that code switching can happen because of some factors. The data shows
how the personality of the speaker influences code switching a lot. Code
switching appears in every element of language. The sentences in the
conversation show how code switching appears in phoneme, word, phrase, and
clause level.
The main purpose of switching the codes in the data studied
is to build familiarity between the informant and the interviewer. The data
shows how the informant feels comfortable in using both Bahasa Indonesia and
English. Switching the codes also affects the conversation itself in which the
conversation runs smoothly and the information needed can be given clearly.
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Hymes, D. 1964. Toward Ethnographies of
Communicative Events. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kridalaksana, Kristen. 1986. The Linguistics Encyclopedia.
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Nababan, P.W.J. 1986. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu
Pengantar . Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.
Subroto, Edi. 1992. Pengantar Metode
Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. Surakarta: Sebelas
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