Selasa, 19 Juni 2012

CODE SWITCHING ANALYSIS

CODE SWITCHING ANALYSIS IN CINTA LAURA INTERVIEW WITH VOA

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.    BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Language is a tool used in communication to make interaction with others. As a tool in the communication and interactions with others which is only had by human beings, language can be observed internally and externally. Internally, the language is studied based on the intern elements, such as phonology, morphology, and syntax while externally; the language is observed based on the factors outside the language itself, such as the connection with the society as the user of the language itself. Moreover, the study of external language also observes the use of several languages in one occasion in certain society.
Chaer ( 1995:112) said that someone mastering more than one language can be said as bilingual while the ability to use more than one language is called as bilingualism. As individual involved in two different languages and cultures, a bilingual cannot be separated from the effects of using two languages. One of the effects is the overlapping usage between two different language systems used from one language elements into other language elements. The mixing of those elements said as code switching.
In this globalization era, the cultures are dissolved in one society. Code switching commonly appears in the daily conversation or even in discourse, such as short stories, articles, novels, etc. The writer also finds a case of code switching appearing in one interview. This happened when a reporter from VOA interviewed an actress from Indonesia named Cinta Laura Kiehl. In the interview, Cinta Laura and the interviewer spoke Bahasa Indonesia and English at the same time. The writer then fells interested to study on that case because that thing is interesting to be studied sociolinguistically.
B.     PROBLEM STATEMENTS
1.      What factors do cause the use of code switching by Cinta Laura in the interview with VOA?
2.      What are the purposes of switching the codes?

C.     OBJECTIVES
1.      To find out what factors cause the use of code switching by Cinta Laura in the interview with VOA.
2.      To analyze the purposes of switching the code.
D.     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study may be able to be used as an additional source by those who want deeper their knowledge in sociolinguistics, especially code switching because this study provides the real usage of code switching in the society and how sociolinguistic analyzes this kind of phenomenon.
E.     METHOD OF STUDY
This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. Generally, qualitative method is the method used to analyze the problems which are not designed or arranged using statistic procedure ( Subroto 2007: 5). It means that all the data in this research are in the form of sentences and words, not in the form of numbers. As Wilkinson (2000: 7) stated that the resulting data is presented in the form of descriptions so, the data in this research is in the form of descriptions. According to Wilkinson (2000: 79), qualitative data is usually analyzed by subjecting it to some form of coding process.









CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL APPROACH
1.      CODE
The terminology of code is used to call one variant in language hierarchy, so beside the code which refers to the language (like English language, Japanese, Indonesian), the language also refers to the variety of language, like regional variant ( Bahasa Jawa dialek Banyumas, Jogja-Solo, Surabaya, Banten, etc). Moreover, the language also includes the variant of social level called as social dialect and sociolect (Bahasa Jawa halus dan kasar), and the variant of the usage or register (speech language, praying language, and comedian language). The fact is the language hierarchy starts from the language, and then the variety of language, dialect, style, and register.
2.      CODE SWITCHING
In case of bilingualism, speaker sometimes replaces the elements of language or speech level. This depends on the context and the language situation. For example, when speaker uses X language with Person A, Person B who does not speak that language comes into the situation, then she/he switches to use a language understood by the B. This kind of incident is called as code switching.
According to Apple (1976:79), code switching is an effect of switching the codes because of the change of situation. Hymes (1875: 103) stated that code switching happens in two languages or more.
Nababan (1991: 31) states that the concept of code switching also includes the event and the time someone switches from one variety of a language, such as formal language into informal language or from one dialect into another dialect, or from the high language into low language, for example kromo inggil (Javanesse language) into ngoko language, and so forth.
Kridalaksana (1982: 7) asserts that the use of other variety of language which is used to adjust the role or the other situation, or because of the participations involving in the situation is called as code switching.
From different points of view mentioned above, code switching can be divided into four parts, namely:
a. Type of code switching: language switching, the variety of language switching, and the level of speech.
b. The level of the code switching: the level of phonology, the phoneme level, the level of words or phrases;
c. The nature of the code switching: temporary code switching, or permanent code switching.
d. The factors of the code switching: personality of the speaker, relationship between the speaker’s partner and the speaker him/herself, and the topic or subtopic.

Suwito in Nababan (1986) divides code switching into two parts:
1.      Extern code switching
It happens when the speaker change a language into another language in a conversation, for example from Bahasa Indonesia into English.
2.      Intern code switching
It happens when the speaker uses the variety of language, for example: from Javanese ngoko into Javanese kromo.
Hymes (1964) states some factors in an interaction that may affect the determination of the speech meaning, they are:

   1. Who and how is the speaker’s personality?
   2. Where or when does the conversation take place?
   3. What modus is used?
   4. What is the topic or subtopic in the conversation?
   5. What is the function and purpose of the conversation?
   6. What variety of language and speech levels are used?
                           



CHAPTER III
DATA ANALYSIS

As stated in the previous chapter, code switching can happen in two different languages or more, or even in variety of languages. In this study, the writer takes the data from Cinta Laura’s interview with a reporter from VOA on 23 November 2011. During the interview, Cinta Laura and the reporter switched the codes from Bahasa Indonesia into English and vice versa.

Language Data
Narrator: Berakting sudah biasa, bernyanyi juga sudah biasa. Masuk salah satu universitas ternama di Amerika itu baru luar biasa. (1)
Interviewer: hai pemirsa VOA sekarang saya berada bersama dengan salah satu idola Indonesia yang sangat terkenal pastinya dan sekarang lagi hijrah ke Amerika untuk sekolah, dan sekolahnya gak tanggung-tanggung lhoh….di Colombia University. The one and only Cinta Laura. Hei, what’s up girl? (2)
Cinta Laura: hai I’m fine thank you, how are you? hei semua apa kabar (baca khabar)? (3)
Interviewer: so, how is the state riding you?(4)
Cinta Laura: I love it. I love New York City and I am…(5)
Interviewer: of course Colombia University you know…(6)
Cinta Laura: ya…but the weather is really cold.(7)
Narrator: cinta memberikan alasan kenapa ia memilih Colombia University.(8)
Cinta laura: Colombia itu sekolah paling selektif di dunia habis Harvard. Harvard accepting ratenya 6.2%, kalo Colombia 6.4%. Kalo sekolah-sekolah bagus yang lain-lain kayak princestone, or Stanford itu semua accepting ratenya 8.9%, jadi lebih susah masuk Colombia daripada sekolah-sekolah yang tadi aku mention.(9)
Narrator: bisa masuk ke universitas top pastinya susah ya, gimana caranya sih Cin?(10)
Cinta Laura: gak Cuma liat grades kita di sekolah doang, tapi ada essay untuk tunjukin personality kita. Kita harus well balanced, misalnya we have some unique ability. Kalo aq di application aq tulis athlete di sekolah, coz I was in basketball and tracking field team and then aku juga acting and singing terus aku juga banyak social works, karena has a foundation yayasan sekar sena peduli dan itu aimnya untuk ride or improve education di Indonesia.(11)
Narrator: hidup merantau di negri orang pasti gak gampang apalagi jauh dari orang tua.(12)
Cinta Laura: aku harus cuci sendiri, jadi aku harus belajar kalo masukin ke dalam washing machine warna apa boleh bareng-bareng.(13)
Narrator: bener-bener sudah siap dong melebarkan sayap di negeri paman Sam?(14)
Cinta Laura: planningnya January ini mau recording di New York, dua single dan salah satu singlenya mugkin bareng penyanyi international, umm…tapi recently aku juga baru audition buat salah satu film Hollywood.(15)
Narrator: do you miss Indonesia?(16)
Cinta Laura: I miss Indonesian gurame, I miss ayam bakar, I miss ketoprak, and I miss cabe rawit. I miss that a lot. Hey everyone in Indonesia, I miss you so much. Kerena aku lagi di new York, and that’s cold, so you guys are lucky karena di sana anget. I’ll be back summer depan, dan karena aku gak di situ sekarang, I’d like to say then untuk yang celebrate Christmas, merry Christmas dan buat semua orang happy new year bentar lagi, two more months and yah, I’ll try the best to keep you guys updated what we run around here. Pokoknya GBU all….(17)
Interviewer: nah itu dia pemirsa bincang-bincang kita dengan Cinta Laura. Ada ojek di sini? Masih inget dengan kata-katanya?(18)
Cinta Laura: ya, but that’s not cool.(19)
Interviewer: oke deh cinta, thanks banget ya (20)
Cinta Laura: thank you so much, thank you(21)
Interviewer: dan pemirsa kita akan kembali lagi dengan liputan-liputan yang menarik berikutnya. Bye-bye.(22)
Data analysis
A.   Type of Code Switching
According to the data above, code switching appearing in that conversation is extern code switching. Suwito (1985) stated that extern code switching is switching the codes from one language into another language. The data above shows how the interviewer and the informant switch the codes from Bahasa Indonesia into English and vice versa.
B.   Factors influencing Code switching
Based on the theory stated by Hymes, code switching can happen because of some factors.
1.      Who and how is the speaker’s personality?
The informant, Cinta Laura is known as descendant actress. Her father is from Germany, and her mother is from Indonesia. The biography of Cinta Laura can be seen below.
Cinta Laura Kiehl is a German-Indonesian actress, singer and model in Indonesia. Beginning her career in 2007; she has starred in several TV series, movies and endorsed several local and international brands. Since the start of her career, she has won several awards for acting and singing, two of which are from the Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards Indonesia. Her first album received a record breaking 13 times platinum from sales in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. While her career continues to blossom, Kiehl also graduated from the Jakarta International School with honors and is attending Columbia University New York for her undergraduate studies. Aside from her professional and academic life, Kiehl also holds a charity foundation called the Soekarseno Peduli, aimed at rebuilding dilapidated schools in Bogor, Indonesia. The foundation has cooperated with several multinational companies and NGO's, aiding more than 4000 children since 2003. Recently, she has been cast in a Hollywood movie called "The Philosophers", making her debut appearance in an international movie.

From Cinta Laura’s personality above, it can be known that she uses two languages to communicate. She uses English because she goes to school in which the language is spoken. She also firstly lived with her parents in another country and she may use English in her daily conversation. After she started her carrier in Indonesia, she learnt Bahasa Indonesia in order to be able to communicate easier with people in Indonesia.
The interviewer, who automatically knows that Cinta Laura is not good enough in speaking Bahasa Indonesia, decides to switch the codes to make the interview run smoothly.
                                                        
2.       Where or when does the conversation take place?
The conversation takes place in U.S where Cinta Laura is studying. VOA standing for Voice of America for Indonesia is a program which is held to give some information of what is happening in America and then share it to the people in Indonesia. Because Cinta Laura was in America at that time, VOA then interviewed her in order to get the information from her. From the place where the interview was running, it gives a reason of why the informant and the interviewer switch the codes externally. Besides the personality of the informant, the place of the conversation held also influences the use of code switching.
3.      What modus is used?
The modus used in this data is face to face orally.
4.      What is the topic or subtopic in the conversation?
The topic of the conversation is asking more information from the informant
The subtopic of the conversation is the information given by the informant
5.      What is the function and purpose of the conversation?
Sentence 1: opening the program (VOA)
Sentence 2: opening the interview and asking the condition of the informant
Sentence 3: answering the question about her condition
Sentence 4: asking the opinion of New York
Sentence 5, 7: giving opinion about New York
Sentence 8: asking the reason of why Cinta Laura Chose Colombia
Sentence 9: giving the reason of why she chose Colombia
Sentence 10: asking how Cinta Laura could enter Colombia
Sentence 11: giving information of how she could enter Colombia
Sentence 12: asking how she could live without her parents
Sentence 13: giving information of what she does without her parents
Sentence 14: asking the plan in America
Sentence 15: giving information about her plans in America
Sentence 16: asking what Cinta Laura misses from Indonesia
Sentence 17: giving information of what she misses from Indonesia and saying hello to people in Indonesia
Sentence 18: giving gratitude expression and closing the interview
Sentence 19: showing familiarity attidude
6.      What variety of language and speech levels are used?
The interviewer firstly speaks in Bahasa Indonesia then she switches into English. They both use informal variety of language because the condition is casual.
C.   Code Switching Categories
From data analysis above, code switching appears most of time as seen in sentence 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 3, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21. It can be seen from some points of view
1.      The type of code switching is external code switching.
2.      The level of code switching is in phoneme, word, phrase and clause level.
Phoneme level: sentence 3
Word level: sentence 11 and sentence 15
Phrase level: sentence 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17
Clause level: sentence 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17, 19, 21
3.      The nature of code switching is temporary code switching
4.      The factors of conducting code switching
The interviewer: to build familiarity between the informant and the interviewer
The informant: personality of the informant herself. She may feel more comfortable to use English because of her personality, but she also can speak Bahasa Indonesia.  Finally she decides to switch the codes to adjust the condition. Switching the codes is also important to the informant because when she feels comfortable in using the languages, the information needed by the interviewer can be clear and complete.

CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION

From the analysis made in the previous chapter, it can be drawn that code switching can happen because of some factors. The data shows how the personality of the speaker influences code switching a lot. Code switching appears in every element of language. The sentences in the conversation show how code switching appears in phoneme, word, phrase, and clause level.
The main purpose of switching the codes in the data studied is to build familiarity between the informant and the interviewer. The data shows how the informant feels comfortable in using both Bahasa Indonesia and English. Switching the codes also affects the conversation itself in which the conversation runs smoothly and the information needed can be given clearly.


















REFERENCES
Apple, R. 1976. Sociolinguistics. Utrecht.
Chaer, Abdul & Leonie Agustina. 1995. Sosiolinguistik Suatu Pengantar.Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Hymes, D. 1964. Toward Ethnographies of Communicative Events.  Philadelphia: University of    Pennsylvania Press.
Kridalaksana, Kristen. 1986. The Linguistics Encyclopedia. London: Routledge.

Nababan, P.W.J. 1986. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar . Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.
Subroto, Edi. 1992. Pengantar Metode Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. Surakarta: Sebelas
Maret University Press.
Wardhaugh, R. 1986. An Introduction to Socilinguistics. New York: Basil Blackwell.


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